1. Exploration and Colonization(1400s – 1700s) Created by Ben Bindewald Southwood Middle School

2. The “Old World” Europe, Africa, and Asia in the Early 1400s

3. Trade Trade -Europeans wanted goods such as spices, silk, and tea from “the Indies” (Southeast Asia) The Silk Road -Ran from Europe to the Indies -Was kept safe by strong Chinese rulers

4. The Silk Road

5. Changes in Trade Routes New rulers took over Silk Road It became unsafe to travel Increased taxes made trade very expensive Rise of Ottoman Empire Ottoman rulers became “middle-men” in trade between Europeans and Asians Asian goods became too expensive for most Europeans to buy

6. Europeans Explore The World

7. Why did Europeans want to explore? To find new trade routes to the Indies Wanted to go around the “middle men” and trade directly with merchants in the Indies to get rich For glory and adventure To spread their culture Christian religion and European values

8. Obstacles to Exploration Lack of knowledge and technology Ocean currents and wind patterns Sometimes carried ships off course Sailors had to ride with the currents and winds Limited ability to explore far away places

9. Europeans began exploringin the late 1400s Sharing of ideas Map-makers, shipbuilders, navigators, and inventors shared information that made exploration possible Europeans gained access to maps and sailing information from the Chinese, Greeks, and Arabs Development of new technology By the late 1400s, Europeans had the technology needed to begin exploring faraway places

13. Voyages of Exploration

14. Search for New Trade Routes Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to search for new water routes to the Indies Portugal sent explorers East around Africa Spain sent explorers West across the Atlantic England (Great Britain), France, and Netherlands, all began exploring soon afterwards

15. European Colonialism (1500s-1700s)

16. colonialism: a system in which powerful nations rule over the land and people of weaker nations -colony: a land and its people that are controlled by a more powerful nation -colonial power: a nation which has taken control of the government and economy of a weaker nation or territory (a.k.a. mother country)

19. India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out)

20. Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands

21. The Philippines – Spain

22. British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain

23. New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands

24. New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France

25. New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain

26. Brazil – Portugal

28. Europeans in Asia

30. Europeans Explore Asia Portugal finds first all water route to Asia in late 1400s Portugal, Spain, France, England, and Netherlands compete for control of trade Trade Routes Europeans set up trading posts India and China Silks, tea, porcelain Southeast Asia Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)

31. Spread of Religions Hinduism and Buddhism Spread throughout Asia by 1400s Islam Spread by Muslim merchants and militaries Christianity Spread by European merchants and missionaries throughout Asia Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese rulers who believed it was a threat to their culture Led China and Japan to isolationism, a policy of turning inward and cutting off contact with the outside world

32. Europeans in the Americas

33. European Explorers and Conquerors Christopher Columbus “discovered” the Americas while looking for a western route to the Indies Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands continued to explore the “New World” European nations later began conquering and colonizing the Americas

34. European Colonies in the Americas

35. Spanish colonies South American Colonies Plantation farming Mining West Indies Plantation farming New Spain and Florida Settler and Plantation Colonies Mining

36. French colonies New France Trading Post Empire Fur Trapping and Fishing Louisiana Trading Post Empire and Plantation colony Haiti Plantation Colony

37. English colonies 13 Colonies Southern Colonies Plantation Colonies Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo (and Later, Cotton) Northern Colonies Settler Colonies Fishing and Timber British Canada Trading Post Empire Fur Trapping and Fishing

40. Europeans in Africa

41. Exploring Africa’s Coasts Early trade relationships By the 1500s, Europeans had been trading with Africans for gold, salt, and ivory for centuries. Portugal searches for all water route to the Indies Set up first trading post colonies along coasts of Africa Other Europeans came later Were initially uninterested in Africa’s interior

42. African Slave Trade Many African kingdoms had participated in the slave trade for hundreds of years Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and prisoners of war as slaves European Interest in Slaves As Native American populations declined, Europeans wanted an inexpensive source of labor for their plantation colonies in the Americas

43. Triangular Trade Manufactured goods (tools, guns, rum, and cloth) from Europe to the coast of West Africa Slaves from Africa to the American colonies Raw materials (sugar, molasses, tobacco, and cotton) back to Europe

45. “The Middle Passage” “The Middle Passage”- the awful trip made by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas About 16 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s Slave traders crammed as many slaves as possible below deck One in five slaves did not make the journey

46. Effects on African Societies Many African communities lost their strongest and most capable workers to the slave trade Families were torn apart The introduction of guns to the continent of Africa added to the cycle of violence

47. Participation in the Slave Trade Many African leaders participated in the slave trade to make money African merchants kidnapped people of interior parts of Africa and sold them to Europeans at trading posts along coast European merchants bought and sold African slaves for large profits

48. Resistance to the Slave Trade Some African leaders King Alfonso I of the Congo asked the Pope to stop the slave trade Slave Revolts Most slave revolts were put down Successful revolts Slaves won freedom in French colony of Haiti Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors and taking control of their transport ship, the Amistad Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took place in the U.S. during the 1800s

49. Continued Exploitation Slavery was outlawed in most places by the end of the 1800s Europeans continued colonizing Africa through early 1900s

50. Effects of European Colonial Expansion

51. Effects of Colonialism Political Changes European countries became more powerful Competed with one another for colonies People of Africa, Asia, and the Americas became weaker Social Changes Cultures were changed in Africa, Asia, and the Americas Dominance of European language and customs Christianity spread to colonized lands Natives of colonized lands became lower classes Economic Changes Expanding international trade (Columbian Exchange) Growth of capitalism New trade gave peasants more opportunities Growth of a middle class in Europe Transfer of wealth from colonies to Europe

52. International Trade

53. Key Ideas of Mercantilism Mercantilism: an economic theory that states that nations become powerful by building up large supplies of gold and silver Government controls economy Decides what to produce in the colonies Only allows colonies to trade with mother country Nations want favorable balance of trade Export more than you import Importance of colonies Sources of raw materials Ex. cotton, sugar, tobacco Markets for manufactured goods Ex. cloth, guns, tools

54. Key Ideas of Capitalism Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership of businesses and property Development of Capitalism Many merchants believed that trade would increase if governments would let the people control the economy Free enterprise Economy is free from government control Property and businesses are privately owned People run businesses to earn profit Market economy Producers and consumers decide what goods and services to produce Prices and wages are negotiated in the marketplace Competition encourages businesses to offer quality goods and services at fair prices

55. Special Thanks To: Google Images (contributions from various artists) Chanda Robinson’s images taken in Ghana, West Africa of the Slave Dungeons